67 ．Higginbotham，The War of American Independence ，pp.123，124；Stephen Conway，“British Governments and the Conduct of the American War，”in Britain and the American Revolution ，ed.H.T.Dickinson（London：Addison Wesley Longman，1998），p.175；Ritcheson，British Politics and the American Revolution ，p.209；Stephen Conway，“The Recruitment of Criminals into the British Army，1775-81，”Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research 57（1985）：46-58.
68 ．Stephen Conway，“The Politics of British Military and Naval Mobilization，1775-83，”English Historical Review 112，no.449（November 1997）：1181，1182-83，1192，1195，1201；P.J.Marshall，The Making and Unmaking of Empires ：Britain ，India and America c ．1750-1783（Oxford：Oxford University Press，2005），p.237；Mackesy，The War for America ，p.368；Valentine，Lord George Germain ，pp.146，337，339；Paul David Nelson，General James Grant ：Scottish Soldier and Royal Governor of East Florida （Gainesville：University Press of Florida，1993），p.136；Sylvia Frey，The British Soldier in America （Austin：University of Texas Press，1981），p.37；David Patrick Geggus，Slavery ，War ，and Revolution ：The British Occupation of Saint Domingue ，1793-1798（Oxford：Oxford University Press，1982），p.363；Hunter，Observations on the Diseases of the Army in Jamaica ，pp.11，37，47，58，60；Mackesey，The War for America，pp.368，526；Roger Norman Buckley，The British Army in the West Indies ：Society and the Military in the Revolutionary Age （Gainesville：University Press of Florida，1998），pp.60，104，210，218，219，229，237；The Diary of the Revd.William Jones 1777-1821，ed.O.F.Christie（London：Brentano's，1929），pp.64-65.
69 ．Thomas，Tea Party to Independence ，p.320；Germain to William Knox，November 1，1778，The Manuscripts of Captain Howard Vincente Knox ，p.180.
70 ．Gerald S．Brown，“The Anglo-French Naval Crisis：A Study of Conflict in the North zhaiyuedu.com，”William and Mary Quarterly ，3d ser.，13，no.1（January 1956）：16-17；Mackesy，The War for America ，p.451.
71 ．Edward E．Curtis，The Organization of the British Army in the American Revolution （New Haven，Conn.：Yale University Press，1926），p.120；R.Arthur Bowler，Logistics and the Failure of the British Army in America 1775-1783（Princeton，N.J.：Princeton University Press，1975），p.20.
72．Curtis，The Organization of the British Army in the American Revolution ，p.132；Paul E．Kopper-man，“The British High Command and Soldiers' Wives in America，1755-1783，”Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research 60，no.241（Spring 1982）：20，22；Bowler，Logistics and the Failure of the British Army in America ，p.9；Colin G．Calloway，The American Revolution in Indian Country ：Crisis and Diversity in Native American Communities （Cambridge：Cambridge University Press，1995），pp.135，137，147-48.
73 ．Bellot，William Knox ，pp.107，150，162；Specter，The American Department of the British Government ，pp.30，34，48；R.Arthur Bowler，“Logistics and Operations in the American Revolution，”in Reconsiderations on the Revolutionary War ：Selected Essays ，ed.Don Higginbotham（Westport，Conn.：Greenwood Press，1978），p.66.
74 ．Cumberland，Character of the Late Lord Viscount Sackville ，pp.5，14；Wheatley，The Historical and Posthumous Memoirs of Sir Nathaniel William Wraxall ，1：386-87；memorandum by Burgoyne，in Political and Military Episodes in the Latter Half of the Eighteenth Century ：Derived from the Life and Correspondence of the Right H ．John Burgoyne ，General ，Statesman ，Dramatist ，ed.Edward Barrington De Fonblanque（London：Macmillan，1876），p.126；Flanders，Memoirs of Richard Cumberland ，p.201.
75 ．Specter，The American Department of the British Government ，p.34；Fortescue，The War of Independence ，pp.191-92.
76 ．The Annual Register ，in Murdoch，Rebellion in America ，p.326；Bowler，“Logistics and Operations in the American Revolution，”pp.66，67.
77 ．Bowler，“Logistics and Operations in the American Revolution，”pp.66，70；R.A.Bowler，“Sir Henry Clinton and Army Profiteering：A Neglected Aspect of the Clinton-Cornwallis Controversy，”William and Mary Quarterly ，3d ser.，31，no.1（January 1974）：111-23；Bowler，Logistics and the Failure of the British Army in America ，p.148.
78 ．David S．Reid，“An Analysis of British Parliamentary Opinion on American Affairs at the Close of the War of Independence，”Journal of Modern History 18，no.3（September 1946）：214-15；Andrew O'shaughnessy，“The Formation of a Commercial Lobby：The West India Interest，British Colonial Policy and the American Revolution，”Historical Journal 40，no.1（1997） 71-95；O'shaughnessy，“The West India Interest and the Crisis of American Independence，”in West Indies Accounts ：Essays on the British Caribbean and the Atlantic Economy in Honour of Richard Sheridan ，ed.Roderick A．McDonald（Kingston：University of the West Indies Press，1996），pp.126-49.
79 ．Wheatley，The Historical and Posthumous Memoirs of Sir Nathaniel William Wraxall ，2：231.
80．E.Wayne Carp，To Starve the Army at Pleasure ：Continental Army Administration and American Political Culture ，1775-1783（Chapel Hill：University of North Carolina Press，1984），pp.68，72，106；Germain to Clinton，March 1781，CO 5/iai，no.81，PRO.
81 ．Richard Buel Jr.“Samson Shore：The Impact of the Revolutionary War on Estimates of the Republic's Strength，”in Arms and Independence ：The Military Character of the American Revolution ，ed.Ronald Hoffman and Peter J．Albert（Charlottesville：University of Virginia Press，1984），pp.149-50；Higginbotham，The War of American Independence ，pp.403-5；Charles Royster，A Revolutionary People at War ：The Continental Army and American Character ，1775-1783（Chapel Hill：University of North Carolina Press，1979），pp.48，71，86，131，300；Carp，To Starve the Army at Pleasure ，pp.78，97，173，18081，184，220.
82 ．Germain to Clinton，April 4，1781，CO 5/101，PRO；Germain to Major General John Vaughan，4 April，1781，July 4，1781，CO 318/8，ff.103，127，PRO；Germain to Clinton，August 2，1781，CO 5/102，PRO.
83 ．Wheatley，The Historical and Posthumous Memoirs of Sir Nathaniel William Wraxall ，p.146；memorandum，in Lord George Germain's handwriting，on American Affairs in Historical Manuscripts Commission，Stopford-Sackville Manuscripts ，2：216，218-19.
84 ．Ian R．Christie，The End of North's Ministry ，1780-1782（London：，1958），pp.275，276；Wheatley，The Historical and Posthumous Memoirs of Sir Nathaniel William Wraxall ，pp.157-58，159-60，161.
85 ．Christie，The End of North's Ministry ，pp.290，292；Steuart，The Last Journals of Horace Walpole ，2：396.
86 ．Wheatley，The Historical and Posthumous Memoirs of Sir Nathaniel William Wraxall ，pp.17678；Walpole，The Last Journals of Horace Walpole ，ed.Steuart，2：400.
87 ．“The Removal of Lord George Germain，”The Manuscripts of Captain Howard Vincente Knox ，pp.272-76；Steuart，The Last Journals of Horace Walpole ，p.400；Fitzmaurice，Life of William ，Earl of Shelburne ，3：125-29；Cumberland，Character of the Late Lord Viscount Sackville ，p.20；Steuart，The Last Journals of Horace Walpole ，p.400；Valentine，Lord George Germain ，p.457；Wheatley，The Historical and Posthumous Memoirs of Sir Nathaniel William Wraxall ，pp.178-79.
88 ．Wheatley，The Historical and Posthumous Memoirs of Sir Nathaniel William Wraxall ，1：385-386；Flanders，Memoirs of Richard Cumberland ，pp.322-23.
89 ．Flanders，Memoirs of Richard Cumberland ，p.323.
90 ．Ibid.，pp.326-27.
91 ．Ibid.，pp.329；Cumberland，Character of the Late Lord Viscount Sackville ，pp.22-23.
第六章
1 ．下文的描述见印发于1779年的The Annual Register，“庆功宴的西节来自一封驻费城英国官员发往沦敦的通信”，Rebellion in America ：A Contemporary British Viewpoint 1765-1783，ed.David H．Murdoch（Santa Barbara，Calif.：Clio Press，1979），pp.621-25予以复述。另见John Peebles的American War ：The Diary of a Scottish Grenadier ，1776-1782，ed.Ira Gruber（Mechanicsburg，Pa.：Stackpole Books，1998），pp.180-83。
2 ．牛津大学圣彼得学院的Nicholas Cole指出两处英文来自Horace，Epistles 2 and Satires 1.6。
3 ．约翰•安德烈少校选择了氟饰，关于他的介绍详见Robert McConnell Hatch，Major John André ：A Gallant in Spy's Clothing （Boston：Houghton mifflin，1986），p.99。其他庆功宴的西节见上注，pp.99-105.
4 ．Ibid，p.103.“繁星点点”的用语也见于The Annual Register的描述。
5 ．O'Hara to Grafton，November 1，1780，in “Letters of Charles O'Hara to the Duke of Grafton，”ed.George C．Rogers Jr.，South Carolina Historical Magazine 65，no.3（July 1964）：162；Armstrong Starkey，“War and Culture，a Case Study：The Enlightenment and the Conduct of the British Army in America，1755-1781，”War and Society 8（May 1990）：17-18；Linda Colley，Britons ：Forging the Nation 1707-1837（New Haven，Conn.：Yale University Press，1992），p.147；Piers Mackesy，The War for America 1775-1783（1964；repr.Lincoln：University of Nebraska，1992），p.4，认为独立战争是“旧制度时代的最喉一次大战”。Stephen Conway，The War of American Independence 1775-1783（London：Edward Arnold，1995），p.xi，认为冲突是一种新形苔战争，特别是从美国人的角度看。
6 ．The Annual Register ，in Murdoch，Rebellion in America ，p.563；Troy Bickham，Making Headlines ：The American Revolution as Seen through the British Press （DeKalb：Northern Illinois University Press，2009），p.108.Paul David Nelson，General James Grant ：Scottish Soldier and Royal Governor of East Florida （Gainesville：University Press of Florida，1993），p.131；Charles Stuart to Lord Bute，October 7，1778 in A Prime Minister and His Son ：From the Correspondence of the Third Earl of Bute and of Lt .-Gen.The Hon.Charles Stuart ，K.B .，ed.The Hon.Mrs.E.Stuart Wortley（London：John Murray，1925），p.139；Don Higginbotham，The War of American Independence ：Military Attitudes ，Policies ，and Practices 1763-1789（1971；repr.Boston：Northeastern University Press，1983），p.125；William John Hale to Admiral Hale，April 2，1778，in Walter Harold Wilkin，Some British Soldiers in America （1914；repr.Milton Keynes：General Books，2010），p.114.
7 ．The House of Commons，November 20，1778，The Annual Register ，in Murdoch，Rebellion in America ，pp.525-26.
8 ．Manifesto and Proclamation of the Commissioners，October 8，1778，Proceedings of the British Commissioners at Philadelphia ，1778-9：Partly in Ferguson's Hand ，ed.Yasuo Amoh，Darren Lingley，and Hiro Aoki（Kyoto：Kakenhi Supplemental Project Research Report，Kyoto University，2007），pp.146-47；Protest of the Lords，December 7，1778，The Annual Register ，in Murdoch，Rebellion in America ，pp.631-32，735.
9．Anthony J．Scotti，Jr. Brutal Virtue ：The Myth and Reality of Banastre Tarleton （Westminster，Md.：Heritage，2007），p.92；Stephen Conway，“To Subdue America：British Army Officers and the Conduct of the Revolutionary War，”William and Mary Quarterly ，3d ser.，48，no.3（July 1986） 382-83，393，398，399，404-5；Scotti，Brutal Virtue ，pp.47，132；Paul H．Smith，Loyalists and Redcoats ：A Study in British Revolutionary Policy （Chapel Hill：University of North Carolina Press，1964），p.115.
10 ．Marvin Stern，Thorns and Briars ：Bonding Love and Death 1764-1870（New York：Foundation of Thanatology，1986），pp.Ⅷ，3，5，6，7.
11 ．The American Rebellion ：Sir Henry Clinton's Narrative of His Campaigns ，1775-1782, with an Appendix of Original Documents ，ed.William B．Willcox（New Haven，Conn.：Yale University Press，1954），p.84；The Diary and Letters of His Excellency Thomas Hutchinson ，Esq .，ed.Peter Orlando Hutchinson，2 vols.（New York：Burt Franklin，1971），February 30，1777，2：181；Willcox，The American Rebellion ，pp.85，107；Robert K．Wright Jr.，“‘Nor Is Their Standing Army to Be Despised’：The Emergence of the Continental Army as a Military Institution，”in Arms and Independence ：The Military Character of the American Revolution ，ed.Ronald Hoffman and Peter J．Albert（Charlottesville：University of Virginia Press，1968），pp.69-71；Charles Royster，A Revolutionary People at War ：The Continental Army and American Character ，1775-1783（Chapel Hill：University of North Carolina Press，1979），pp.211，216，218，219.
12 ．Willcox，The American Rebellion ，p.119；Clinton to Germain，July 27，1778，September 15，1778，CO 5/96，PRO；Willcox，The American Rebellion ，p.209；Charles R．Ritcheson，British Politics and the American Revolution （Norman：University of Oklahoma Press，1954），pp.257，156.
13 ．William B．Willcox，“British Strategy in America，1778，”Journal of Modern History 19，no.2（June 1947）：109；Willcox，The American Rebellion ，pp.106-7；Stephen Conway，The War of American Independence 1775-1783（London：Edward Arnold，1995），pp.103，108，157；Piers Mackesy，The War for America 1775-1783（1964；repr.：University of Nebraska Press，1992），pp.221，232；David Syrett，The Royal Navy in American Waters 1775-1783（Aldershot：Scolar Press，1989），pp.115，118；Eric Robson，The American Revolution in Its Political and Military Aspects 1763-1783（1955；repr.New York：Norton，1966），pp.192，193-94，105，206，209-10，212.
14 ．Cornwallis to Germain，June 17，1779，CO/5/96，PRO；Willcox，The American Rebellion ，p.107；Mackesy，The War for America ，pp.244-45.
15 ．William B．Willcox，Portrait of a General ：Sir Henry Clinton in the War of Independence （New York：Knopf，1964），pp.xiv-xv，44；Historical Memoirs of William Smith 1778-1783，ed.W.H.W.Sabine，2 vols.（New York：New York Times，1971），2：92；Willcox，The American Rebellion ，p.203；Mackesy，The War for America ，p.268；Frederick Wyatt and William B．Willcox，“Sir Henry Clinton：A Psychological Exploration in History，”William and Mary Quarterly ，3d ser.，16（January 1959）：3-26.
16 ．Bickham，Making Headlines ，p.197.
17 ．Ira D．Gruber，Books and the British Army in the Age of the American Revolution （Chapel Hill：University of North Carolina Press，2010），pp.3-4，10，44，73-78；Gruber，“The Education of Sir Henry Clinton，”Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library of Manchester 72（1990）：133，135，139，140-41，145.笔记没有和克林顿其他位于密歇忆安娜堡（Ann Arbor）克莱蒙特图书馆的笔记放在一起。1958年，它们被存在约翰•赖兰德图书馆，Gruber于1986年首次参考这批文件。
18 ．Willcox，Portrait of a General ，pp.36，64.
19 ．Ibid.，p.46.
20 ．Eric Robson，“The Expedition to the Southern Colonies，1775-1776，”English Historical Review 66（October 1951）：539；Willcox，Portrait of a General ，p.68；Elizabeth Gray Vining，Flora MacDonald ：Her Life in the Highlands and in America （London：Geoffrey Bles，1967）；Vining，“Flora Macdonald（1722-1790）：A Loyalist from the Scottish Highlands，”in Loyalist Mosaic ：A Multi-ethnic Heritage ，ed.Joan Magee（Toronto：Dundurn Press，1984），pp.137-55.
21 ．Smith，Loyalists and Redcoats ，p.24.
22 ．Willcox，“British Strategy in America，1778，”pp.157-59.
23 ．Willcox，The American Rebellion ，p.92；Paul David Nelson，William Tryon and the Course of Empire ：A Life in the British Imperial Service （Chapel Hill：University of North Carolina Press，1990），pp.154-55.
24 ．Willcox，The American Rebellion ，p.85；Willcox，“British Strategy in America，”p.168；Willcox，Portrait of a General ，p.20.
